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A comprehensive guide to physics IA word count and structure.

Physics IA word count and page limit [2025 updated]

Have you got your physics IA deadline approaching soon and are unsure what to choose as your topic? Do not worry, this post is here to help you through that process! In this text, we will provide you with numerous physics IA ideas with examples to help you start the writing process. Our goal is to guide you in meeting the IB criteria and ensure you stay on track during the entire IA writing process. Whether you are interested in waves and oscillations, electricity, or any other aspect of physics, the suggestions below are sure to have something that fits everyone's tastes!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics IA Ideas</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;<ol><li><a href="/ia/physics/64b01849b38ec100134b72b7" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Refractive index of water:</a> In this topic, you could look at how the refractive index of water changes as the temperature of the water is changed.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64d90d366444cd0013a81680" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The surface area of a paper plane:</a> Through this exploration, you could determine how the surface area of a paper plane's wings affects its horizontal displacement when launched from a certain height.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/65085ce09c99ab3966e07a51" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The surface area of a liquid:</a> Within this topic, you could explore how the surface area of a liquid affects its rate of evaporation.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64ac881cb2d6120012fbad81" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bass guitar strings:</a> Looking at this topic, you could explore how the tension of a bass guitar string affects the frequency squared of the note it emits. This can also be applied to other string instruments such as violins, cellos, ukuleles, etc.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64d604f86444cd0013a79608" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Resistance of copper coils:</a> In this exploration, you could analyze how changing the experimental temperature changes the resistance of copper coils that are connected in a series. This can be measured by submerging the coils in water at different temperatures.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Specific heat capacity of water:</a> Through this experiment, you can determine how changing the sodium chloride concentration of water can affect its specific heat capacity.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64a71ca2701b5600139b4389" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The surface area of a parachute:</a> Looking at this topic, you could determine how changing the surface area of a parachute affects the time that the parachute takes to descend to the ground.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64ef58c68e40ddeade42f77c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Moment of inertia:</a> Within this exploration, you could analyze how the height of an inclined plane affects the moment of inertia of an object rolling down the inclined plane.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64ad59f4e3b31a00131a03e4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Diameter of a hollow cylinder:</a> In this topic, you could determine how the diameter of a hollow cylinder affects the time taken for it to roll down an inclined plane.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64a6ed1b701b5600139b4265" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pendulum damping:</a> Through this topic, you could look at how the mass of a pendulum bob affects its damping, as measured by the angular amplitude after 10 oscillations.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre>&nbsp;<ol start="11"><li><a href="/ia/physics/62f66174bf877e0013714ab5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Drag coefficient of a ball:</a> Looking at this topic, you could analyze how the drag coefficient of a ball at terminal velocity changes as the mass of the ball is changed.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62fba76756123f00132eca97" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Capacitor discharge:</a> Within this exploration, you could look at how the rate at which a capacitor discharges is affected by the total added resistance of the resistors in the circuit.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62c815adb6479f0013a50b07" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rate of cooling:</a> In this topic, you can look at how the rate of cooling of water is influenced by the volume of water present in the container.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62ee5d782a89a40013e706bd" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cooling and cup thickness:</a> Within this topic, you could look at how the rate at which liquid cools in a cup changes as the thickness of the cup is changed.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62fd02d856123f00132ecf10" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elasticity of a football:</a> Looking at this topic, you could investigate how changing the internal pressure of a football affects its rebound height, which gives an indication of the ball's elasticity by measuring the consecutive coefficients of restitution.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62f124ef2a89a40013e70ac3" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Reboud of a tennis ball:</a> Within this topic, you could analyze how the thickness of a layer of sand on a tennis court affects the rebound height of the tennis ball.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/63bb646128e2540013c16e45" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Power of solar panels:</a> Through this topic, you could analyze how factors such as light intensity, angle, lux and distance to the light source affect the power generated by a solar panel.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/6393b3155573ed0013c5186d" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sky lantern analysis:</a> In this exploration, you could determine how changing the volume of a sky lantern affects its lift force, as measured using a pull sensor.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/63cfdee05fa206001390b580" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Refractive index and pH:</a> Looking at this topic, you could investigate how the pH value of a solution can affect its refractive index.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/6336a1a2d77add00134d85ab" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Electrical conductivity of a pencil:</a> Through this topic, you could analyze how the graphite content of a pencil affects its electrical conductivity.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/63e79836e1386a0014009154" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Period of a pendulum:</a> Within this analysis, you could determine how changing the initial amplitude of a pendulum bob affects the period of oscillation.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/63bd0823d20b8d00132623b5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Distance travelled by a projectile:</a> In this topic, you could look at how the distance travelled by a projectile changes as the initial launch angle of the projectile is changed.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/63e22dc5e1386a00140062ff" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Spin rate of a hydroelectric generator:</a> Looking at this topic, you could explore how the height difference between the water source and the turbine affects the spin rate of the turbine, measured in rotations per second.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/6323205f0394b4001338e101" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Static coefficient of friction: </a>Within this exploration, you could determine how changing the temperature of a lubricant affects its static coefficient of friction.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/6205223f59dfc50013182e6b" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Investigating Toricelli's Law:</a> In this topic, you could explore how changing the height to which water is filled in a bottle affects the horizontal distance that the water travels from a hole made on the side of the bottle.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/60ec0764c86af60012ff9b72" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Refractive index of sugar solutions:</a> Through this analysis, you could look at how changing the concentration of sugar in a sugar solution affects the refractive index of the solution.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/611f04c4c7828e0013ce1b08" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Collision of a cart:</a> Looking at this topic, you could analyze how changing the bumper length of a cart affects its ability to decrease the peak force on the cart when it undergoes a collision.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62d180948af69200139b4775" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Surface tension of water:</a> In this exploration, you could look at how adding different masses of salt to deionized water can affect the surface tension of the water.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/612b90948467cc0014e14930" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Standing waves on a string:</a> Within this topic, you could analyze how increasing the mass hanging on a string affects the number of standing wave nodes formed on the string when it is vibrated at a constant frequency.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64b58e033770b4001285d356" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Determining Planck's constant:</a> Through this experiment, you could determine Planck's constant by investigating how the wavelength of light emitted by different light-emitting diodes changes as their threshold voltage changes.&nbsp;</li></ol>For more IA ideas and a deeper insight into how to structure your IAs, head to the <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a> website where you will be able to find numerous <a href="/ia/physics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">physics</a> IA topics as well as exemplar IAs that you can refer to during your writing process!

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A comprehensive list of 30 physics IA  topic ideas along with explanations and examples. See what can be done and use this as inspiration for your own internal assessment topic. 

Physics IA Topic Ideas + Examples

Are you looking to start writing your Physics IA but are unsure how to begin the writing process? Do not worry, as Clastify is here to help guide you step-by-step on how to do that. In this post, we will give you the main points on what to include in each section of your IA, based on our experience with IB. Although we recommend this structure based on our successful history of helping students receive top-rated IAs, feel free to personalize the guide below in a way that suits you! This post covers the new Science IA syllabus starting from the May 2025 exam session.&nbsp;A top-scoring IA should be easy to read, have a good flow between topics, and be well-focused. The guide below is just an example of how a good IA should be structured, however, keep in mind that many high-scoring IAs may also use other structures. For examples of some well-structured IAs, head to the <a href="/ia/physics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a> website where you can read through multiple exemplar IAs!<h2 style="text-align:center;">&nbsp;</h2><h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics IA Format and Structure</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The guide will be broken up by section to help you better understand what is required in each part of the IA and will have examples linked (in green), as follows:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Introduction:</h3><ol><li>Include a brief overview of the topic and its importance - what is the concept being studied (eg: refractive index, resonant frequency, resistance). Where/how is it used?&nbsp;</li><li>State the personal or global significance of the topic - what made you choose this and why is it an important topic to investigate?&nbsp;</li><li>Briefly introduce the main device used in the experiment and state why this is the most appropriate method to use for the experiment (for example, inclined plane, parachute, copper wire, etc).</li><li>The introduction should be around 0.5 - 1 page.</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64a6ed1b701b5600139b4265" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> This IA has a good introduction since it briefly introduces the main concept being studied (damping), as well as the global significance of the uses of damping such as swinging doors and amusement park rides, and the introduction is around 0.5 pages long.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Research question:</h3><ol><li>State the main research question of the experiment including the independent and dependent variables.&nbsp;</li><li>Make sure to include units for the independent and dependent variables.&nbsp;</li><li>Include how the dependent variable will be quantified and measured (instrument name). Explain why this instrument is best for the respective dependent variable.&nbsp;</li><li>An example research question should look like this: "To what extent does the salt concentration of water (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mol/L) affect its specific heat capacity (in J/g°C), as measured by a calorimeter?"</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> This IA has a good research question as it clearly states the research question and the units of the independent and dependent variables.</li></ol>&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</h3><h3 style="text-align:justify;">Background information:</h3><ol><li>Describe the physics behind the main concept being analyzed. Talk about what physical properties are involved in the process (eg: why does salt affect specific heat capacity, why does the diameter of a parachute affect terminal velocity, etc).</li><li>Discuss the main method used to measure the concept of interest (eg: calorimetry to measure specific heat capacity). What aspects of this method make it suitable to measure the concept being studied?</li><li>Include any equations that are relevant to the reactions that will occur during the experiment (if applicable).</li><li>You should justify why the respective method of analysis was chosen for this experiment, for example, why calorimetry? What makes it suitable to answer the research question?</li><li>If the research is based on secondary data, you should explain the selection of the database used and the method of data sampling used in the secondary data. Explain why this particular database interests you and why it is relevant to answering the posed research question. &nbsp;</li><li>All the background information included should be directly focused on the research question. For example for specific heat capacity analysis, you can briefly talk about the structure and polarity of NaCl and how this affects its solubility, but don't spend more than 3-4 sentences talking about salt rather than the physics behind the experiment, which would be discussing specific heat capacity and calorimetry.</li><li>Include relevant diagrams if applicable. Don't forget to provide a figure caption and cite the source of the diagram.</li><li>Include in-text citations throughout the background information section.</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/64a6ed1b701b5600139b4265" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> This IA has good background information since it describes the main concept being studied (pendulum damping), and provides the relevant equations for the mechanism occurring. It includes relevant diagrams such as the forces on a pendulum and the angular displacement over time. The background information section is directly focused on the research question and contains in-text citations where applicable.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre>&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Variables:</h3><ol><li>Include the independent variable and units. Describe why the range of independent variables was chosen. For example, why was the height that a parachute is dropped chosen as 10-50cm instead of 50-100cm? You should justify why you have chosen specific values over others.&nbsp;</li><li>Include the dependent variable, units, instrument with which it will be measured, and the uncertainty. For example in calorimetry, you could write "Dependent variable: specific heat capacity, measured using a calorimeter (±0.1 J/g°C)".</li><li>Add a table of control variables, including how each variable is controlled and why it is controlled.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/6205223f59dfc50013182e6b" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> This IA has a good variables section since the independent variable is clearly stated with its units, the dependent variable is stated with its units and how it will be measured, and a section of control variables is present that states why and how each variable will be controlled.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Equipment:</h3><ol><li>Create a list of all the apparatus and equipment used in the experiment.</li><li>Ensure to include uncertainties for all relevant instruments (eg: thermometer, ammeter, voltmeter, weighing balances, etc).</li><li>Include the concentrations of all standard solutions used.&nbsp;</li><li>Include a labelled image of the experimental setup (however you could also include an image in the method section).</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> All glassware and equipment are stated with their respective uncertainties.</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Method:</h3><ol><li>Write down each step of the method exactly as it was performed in the lab.&nbsp;</li><li>Use a narrative tone when writing the method and not a first-person tone. For example, you should write "Prepare a solution of ....." rather than writing "I prepared a solution of......".</li><li>Include a risk assessment table at the end of the method, outlining the safety, ethical and environmental concerns of the experiment.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> All steps of the method are accurately noted down in the narrative tone and no first-person voice has been used. A risk assessment section has been included at the end which accounts for safety, ethical and environmental concerns.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Results:</h3><ol><li>Include a table of the processed data from the experiment. Include a number and caption for the table and ensure the data is centred in the cells.&nbsp;</li><li>Add a section for qualitative data if applicable (eg: colour changes, temperature changes).</li><li>Ensure all data in tables has the appropriate number of significant figures and decimal places.&nbsp;</li><li>Include a sample equation and calculation showing how the data is processed. Do this for each type of calculation used (eg: calculating averages, calculating resistance, etc).</li><li>Place the rest of the processed data in a new processed data table. Include a number and caption for the table and ensure the data is centred in the cells.&nbsp;</li><li>Include a sample calculation for the propagation of uncertainties, and place the rest of the uncertainties for the other values in a table with a caption. After calculating the uncertainties, include a description of what they mean concerning the data. Is the uncertainty small or large? What does this mean about the error and validity of the results?&nbsp;</li><li>Include a graph of the processed data versus the independent variable. Include a graph title, axis titles and units, and provide a figure caption for the graph. Include a paragraph below the graph describing the trends in the data such as the correlation if linear (positive or negative) and the R^2 value.</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> A table of qualitative data, raw data and processed data has been included. All tables have a number and figure caption. Sample calculations are shown for each type of equation used. An appropriate graph has been included.</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Conclusion:</h3><ol><li>State the aim of the experiment to refresh the reader's memory.</li><li>Discuss the trends in the graph and how they correspond to the research question.&nbsp;</li><li>Use experimental values from the analysis section in the conclusion. For example, instead of just saying that specific heat capacity decreases as salt concentration increases, you could say that the specific heat capacity decreases from 4.5 <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:justify;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">J/g°C to 2.5 J/g°C as the salt concentration increases from 1 M to 5 M.</li><li>Discuss the extent to which the research question was answered - was it answered fully or only partially?&nbsp;</li><li>Discuss the R^2 value of the graph (if the data is linear) and how it describes the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.&nbsp;</li><li>Describe if there are any anomalies in the data, and give reasons as to why these may have occurred.</li><li>Compare your experimental values to literature values to strengthen your conclusion. Include in-text citations for the literature source.&nbsp;</li><li>Discuss the impact of uncertainties - were they a significant amount of the experimental values? (For example, 10g ± 0.01g is more acceptable than 10g ± 1g)</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> The conclusion clearly re-states the aim of the essay, as well as a statement to which the research question has been answered (results support the hypothesis). Graphical trends and uncertainties are discussed in relation to the research question, such as the relationship between the variables. The reliability of the data was also discussed.</li></ol>&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</h3><h3 style="text-align:justify;">Evaluation:</h3><ol><li>Critically evaluate the results of the experiment and how they could be improved.</li><li>Include a list of the strengths of the experiment and the significance of each strength.</li><li>Include a table of the weaknesses of the experiment, as well as how they impacted the results and how to improve this in future.&nbsp;</li><li>Make sure to account for random, systematic and human errors in the experiment, how they affected the data, and how this can be corrected in future.&nbsp;</li><li>Finally, provide some extensions for the experiment. These should be some topics that relate to or build off the main topic. For example, for the analysis of parachute diameter on terminal velocity, you could say how in future you could keep the diameter the same and change the weight of the object tied to the parachute. You could also discuss what would happen if some of the control variables of the experiment were used as the dependent variables instead.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> A table of strengths and weaknesses is included, along with considerations for random and systematic error. Extensions have also been provided for the experiment.</li></ol>&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</h3><h3 style="text-align:justify;">References:</h3><ol><li>Include a full list of all the references used in the IA.&nbsp;</li><li>Ensure the bibliography is in the same citation style used in the introduction and background information section.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ia/physics/62e9f183879294001428e1b4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Example:</a> A full reference list has been included and is in the same citation style as used in the introduction and background information sections.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope this guide helps guide you in properly formatting and structuring your Physics IA! If you want to read some exemplary IAs before you start writing, we've got you covered too! Simply head to the <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a> website, where you will be able to find numerous <a href="/ia/physics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Physics</a> IA ideas and examples, so you can look for the ones that are the most relevant to your topic. Good luck!&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide on formatting and structuring an IB Physics Internal Assessment. Explore different approaches and use this as your roadmap throughout the IA writing process.

Physics IA Format and Structure [2025 updated]

Are you struggling to find a topic for your Physics Extended Essay? Don't worry Clastify is here to help. Below you can find a list of EE descriptions with linked exemplars. We hope that you will find an interesting subject for your investigation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics EE ideas</h2> &nbsp;<ol><li><a href="/ee/physics/64eadc1736f6a35daf011e45" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Predicting and calculating the flow velocity of a siphon:</a> The essay focuses on the effectiveness of drainage, particularly siphon drainage, in mitigating landslides, posing a research question about the relationship between siphon height and flow velocity. To address this, the essay aims to create a theoretical model based on fluid dynamics principles, modifying Bernoulli's equation to account for real fluid behavior. The investigation involves gathering experimental data, developing theoretical models for ideal and real fluids, and comparing experimental and theoretical results to validate the model's accuracy in predicting flow velocity.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/64e07c445e211baa286cce1f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The G-forces on rollercoasters: </a>The essay delves into the design intricacies of rollercoaster loops, noting that their shapes are not perfect circles but are engineered to control the forces experienced by passengers. The research question examines the impact of varying loop radii on the maximum change in g-force experienced by passengers, addressing safety and excitement concerns in rollercoaster design. Through practical experimentation and application of circular motion and Newton's laws, the essay aims to elucidate the methods and principles behind loop design. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/64ae93c4e3b31a00131a15ae" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fluid's density effect on falling objects: </a>The essay investigates the impact of fluid density on the falling time of objects, inspired by Commander David Scott's experiment on the moon's surface. Using an online simulator to maintain consistency and reduce errors, the experiment explores how different fluid densities affect the acceleration of falling objects. By analyzing data obtained from the simulator and applying it to physics theories, the essay aims to establish the relationship between fluid density and falling time. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/62cea3469636f50014730ce9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Investigating the motion of a simple pendulum:</a> The essay delves into the physics of simple pendulums, which have been pivotal in various mechanical systems since Galileo Galilei's experiments in the 17th century. Intrigued by the impact of larger initial angles on the time period, the author formulated the research question: How does increasing the angle of a simple pendulum affect its time period? Through simulation and research, the essay aims to determine the validity of the equation for larger angles and explore theoretical models for the pendulum's time period. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/62f422e002cd830013938461" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mechanics of a U-Folded Chain: </a>The interest in scientific experiments, led to an investigation into the fall time of the free end of a U-folded chain, a dynamic system of variable mass. While commonly discussed examples involve variable mass rockets and cable-tethered satellites, household metallic chains offer a practical yet complex scenario for analysis. Despite debates on its elastic or inelastic nature, this essay aims to apply Newtonian Laws of Motion to resolve the issue, offering theoretical richness within experimental accessibility.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/632b035623583a001300665d" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Evaluating factors affecting the Orbital Geometry of Planetary Orbits:</a> The essay aims to explore the relationship between Angular Momentum, Orbital Velocity, and the Eccentricity of Planetary Orbits, applying principles from Celestial Mechanics and Kepler’s Laws. Kepler's laws laid the foundation for celestial dynamics and expanded beyond planetary movements to space flight applications, highlighting its ongoing significance in scientific exploration and technological advancement. Utilizing planetary data from the solar system, the research seeks to provide a quantitative dimension to the conclusion.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/618baacce45d510013e2e617">Effect of the velocity of a bicycle on its stability: </a>The author reflects on their childhood observation that a stationary bicycle is unstable, but becomes stable once in motion. This observation leads them to ponder the mechanics of why objects topple over and the relationship between the center of mass and stability. Formulating the research question "How does the velocity of a bicycle affect its stability?" the essay seeks to explore the connection between velocity and stability, defining stability as an object's ability to return to equilibrium when displaced. &nbsp; &nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL </code></pre> &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/65d4716e05ec7e4d399da108" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Photoluminescence of quantum dots produced using ultrasonic cavitation: </a>Samsung's introduction of QLED technology in 2017 revolutionized the industry, offering superior luminosity and color accuracy through the use of quantum dots. The Quantum Dot Colour Conversion layer in QLED screens replaces traditional color filters, offering greater efficiency and precise control over color and brightness. Fascinated by the control over quantum dot energy and its impact on photoluminescence intensity, the author investigates how energy supplied during ultrasonic cavitation affects graphene quantum dots, with potential applications in improving display luminosity and color accuracy. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/636a74f2149ad00013b9fdba" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Light intensity loss in optical fibre: </a>The essay delves into optical communication, detailing the transmission process through fibre optics and its applications in telecommunications and medicine. It explains the phenomenon of total internal reflection, essential for keeping light rays inside fibre-optic cables, and the factors contributing to attenuation in such cables. The experiment proposed aims to investigate the relationship between bend radius and light intensity loss in fibre optic tubes, considering different wavelengths and materials for the core and cladding. Hypothesized outcomes suggest that increasing the bend radius will result in decreased light intensity exiting the tube, with bending loss increasing proportionally with wavelengths. &nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/63bb655028e2540013c16ff5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cloud chambers:</a> The essay focuses on particle physics and the construction of the Standard Model to categorize subatomic particles and fundamental forces. It highlights the incomplete nature of the established theory while acknowledging its success in explaining experimental results. &nbsp;The research question posed aims to assess the effectiveness of cloud chambers in displaying subatomic particles and fundamental interactions in the surrounding environment, covering areas such as atomic, nuclear, and particle physics.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/63de47c46672960013c5fb07" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Modeling and investigating the effect of bubble wand radius on ease of blowing:</a> Fluid mechanics, a complex field encompassing the study of liquids and gases, extends beyond the scope of typical educational programs but holds significant relevance to everyday life phenomena. Bubbles, formed through various processes including chemical reactions and wave actions, intrigued the author, especially those created by bubble wands. The author, recalling childhood experiences, seeks to understand the relationship between the critical air speed needed to blow bubbles and the radius of the wand, intending to construct a theoretical model grounded in fluid mechanics principles and validate it through experimentation. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/657de9fba8d6c041e5b48214" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Comparison of the properties of Delta Cephei and The Sun:</a> Due to the lengthy evolution of stars, we rely on observing different stages of their lives to gather information, despite the difficulty of estimating their dimensions. Variable stars, such as Cepheid variables, offer valuable insights into stellar behavior, allowing us to calculate vast distances. By investigating the properties of the Cepheid variable star Delta Cephei and comparing them to the Sun, the essay aims to understand why variable stars are instrumental in comprehending stellar activity. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/618c24867acb6a0013d7dc9d" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The refractive index of water: </a>Light's refraction, governed by medium indexes, is fundamental to understanding phenomena like changes in salinity affecting the refractive index of water, observable through the bending of light rays. By investigating the relationship between the salinity of pure water and changes in refractive index, Snell's law can be employed to determine the effect of salinity on light refraction. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/644e1f905ac06200130b3a31" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Physics of toroidal banked turns:</a> Banked turns facilitate the movement of objects, vehicles, and people around corners by reducing frictional forces and providing centripetal acceleration, commonly found on highways, racetracks, and velodromes. This investigation aims to explore the relationship between the maximum height reached by an object and its initial velocity on a toroidal surface through both experimental and theoretical analyses. The research addresses the importance of safe design in engineering by developing accurate models to predict and mitigate risks associated with cornering on toroidal surfaces, considering factors such as energy conservation and friction effects. &nbsp;</li><li><a href="/ee/physics/63440fdd153d09001469991e" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Molecular dynamics simulation of argon crystal: </a>The research focuses on analyzing phase changes in argon crystal as it undergoes monotonic heating in a controlled, pressure-free environment through computer simulation. The student's familiarity with professional simulation software like LAMMPS drives their interest in simulating argon crystal behavior, aiming to predict changes in density, volume, length, and mean square displacement (MSD) as temperature increases from 50 to 150 kelvins. The research question centers on understanding how these properties evolve with temperature, providing insights into phase transitions in argon crystal.</li></ol> As you can see, there is a variety of topics that you can explore in your extended essay. For more guidance on IB coursework check out the remainin<a href="/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">og</a> and don't hesitate to submit your essay for <a href="/review" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Review</a>. Good luck! &nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to Physics extended essay criteria. Check out for guidance with your Physics EE. 

Physics EE Topic Ideas + Examples 

Are you currently facing the challenge of writing your Physics extended essay? You couldn't have come to a better place! Below you can find a comprehensive guide on the assessment criteria and a checklist that will help you improve your EE.&nbsp; &nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics EE Criteria and Checklist&nbsp; &nbsp;</h2>Extended essays are marked for 34 points based on the following aspects:&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Criterion A: Focus and method - 6 points&nbsp;</h3> The main aspects of this criterion are the topic, research question, and methodology. You should clearly state them at the beginning of your essay along with physics principles relevant to your investigation. You must explain and justify your choice of methodology and thoroughly describe the methods of data collection. Make sure that the chosen sources are reliable and that the findings are relevant in the context of your study.&nbsp; For a maximum of 6 points:<ul><li>The essay title accurately reflects the aim of the investigation and is presented as a statement.</li><li>The title is concise and not identical to the research question.</li><li>The context of the research question, including the area of research, purpose, and focus, is established early in the essay.</li><li>Physics principles relevant to the research question are identified and qualitatively described with appropriate diagrams or sketches.</li><li>The chosen methods and materials effectively address the research question, considering uncertainties and limitations if the essay is data-based.</li></ul> See <a href="/ee/physics/62f422e002cd830013938461" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this extended essay.&nbsp;</a><h3> Criterion B: Knowledge and understanding - 6 points&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;You must establish the scientific context and demonstrate your understanding of the topic. Remember to use specific physics terminology and include definitions. Use self-made diagrams and sketches to describe the case under investigation, they must be accurately drawn and labeled. Make sure that every piece of information, reference, model, etc. is relevant to answer the research question. Also remember to be consistent with notation, SI units, and uncertainties throughout the entire essay.&nbsp; For a maximum of 6 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>The student demonstrates a clear understanding of the physics concepts relevant to the essay topic.</li><li>Relevant explanations of fundamental physics laws or general knowledge are included without being excessive.</li><li>All sources pertinent to the research question are appropriately referenced and integrated into the essay.</li><li>Necessary definitions from outside the IB physics course are clearly stated.</li><li>The student's reasoning is transparent, showing a comprehensive understanding of their approach and topic.</li></ul> <a href="/ee/physics/65d4716e05ec7e4d399da108" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">This exemplar</a> is worth taking a look at.&nbsp; &nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL </code></pre><h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Criterion C: Critical Thinking - 12 points&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;Critical thinking, worth the biggest portion of your grade, includes research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation. The analysis has a logical structure consisting of the researched data, its interpretation, and formulated arguments. Showcase your analytical skills, rather than making your essay overly descriptive. The evaluation and mini-conclusions relating to the research question should be present throughout the entire EE, not only at its end. You are also expected to discuss the limitations of the study and comment on the quality of the data.&nbsp; &nbsp; For a maximum of 12 points:<ul><li>Mathematics is used as a supplementary tool without overshadowing the relevant physics concepts or becoming the main focus of the essay.</li><li>Justification is provided for any use of automatic software for curve-fitting or parameter estimation within a meaningful physics model or theory.</li><li>Statistics are included appropriately, ensuring they do not override the physics-focused approach.</li><li>Proper manipulation of significant digits and uncertainties, including uncertainty in the mean and graphs, is demonstrated by the student.</li><li>Error propagation is identified and analyzed where applicable, showcasing the student's understanding of its importance.</li><li>The limitations of the investigation are clearly understood and discussed, including their impact on the conclusions reached.</li></ul> You can use <a href="/ee/physics/62cea3469636f50014730ce9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this EE</a> for reference.&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Criterion D: Presentation - 4 points</h3>&nbsp;What counts here is the structure and layout. Make sure that your essay contains all the crucial elements such as the title page or table of contents and that its structure is clear and facilitates comprehension. All sections and graphical elements should be appropriately labeled. Also, remember about proper referencing and bibliography.&nbsp; For a maximum of 4 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>The essay includes a title page and a table of contents at the beginning, providing clear organization and navigation for the reader.</li><li>Sections and subsections within the essay are clearly defined with informative headings, aiding in the understanding of the content.</li><li>Scientific and annotated diagrams are incorporated effectively, introducing key elements of the experimental setup when applicable.</li><li>A summary of essential procedural steps is provided in a scientific paper style ensuring clarity and conciseness in the presentation of methods.</li></ul> <a href="/ee/physics/64ae93c4e3b31a00131a15ae" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">This exemplar</a> scored well in this criterion.&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Criterion E: Engagement - 6 points&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;After each of the 3 reflection sessions with your supervisor, you must submit a 150-175 word reflection. Based on the RPPF form the examiner will evaluate your research focus, planning, and process. Describe your initial thoughts regarding your extended essay, for instance why you chose this topic and how will you investigate it. In the second reflection, you could discuss how the writing process influenced your perspective or what changes have you made in your approach. Finally, evaluate your entire study.&nbsp; For a maximum of 6 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>The RPPF form demonstrates one's growth and engagement in the writing process.&nbsp;</li><li>The student lists skills that he developed while writing the extended essay.&nbsp;</li><li>Challenges encountered in the process are described along with the actions undertaken to overcome them.&nbsp;</li><li>There is evidence of the personal significance of the work.&nbsp;</li></ul> We are hoping that you found this guide helpful! If you want to make sure that your essay meets all the above criteria, check out our <a href="/review" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Review service.</a> It's a 100% safe way to receive professional feedback and improve your score.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to Physics extended essay criteria along with a detailed checklist to help you improve your Physics EE in IB. 

Physics EE Criteria and Checklist 

Is it finally time to work on your Physics extended essay? Clastify is here to support you in the entire process! In this post you will find our recommendations for preparing a high-scoring essay, focusing on its format and structure. While we suggest this framework based on our track record of assisting students in achieving top-rated essays, feel free to adapt the guide below to your preferences. &nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics EE format and structure &nbsp;</h2>The extended essay is a 4,000 words investigation that should consist of the following parts:&nbsp; &nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Title page and table of contents</h3><ol><li>On the title page, you will include the topic of your investigation, the research question, the subject, and the word count.&nbsp;</li><li>The next page should be the table of contents with all subsections of your essay along with the page numbering.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li></ol><h3 style="text-align:justify;">Introduction&nbsp;</h3><ol><li>Provide a concise overview of the topic, including details on the compounds under study, their characteristics, and the applicable physics concepts (such as the refractive index, resonant frequency, and resistance). &nbsp;</li><li>State the purpose of the investigation.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the personal or global significance of the topic, discussing why it was chosen for investigation and its broader importance.</li><li style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:2;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;">Also, briefly describe the main device used in the experiment and state why this is the most appropriate method to use for the experiment (for example, inclined plane, parachute, copper wire, etc).</li></ol> As seen in <a href="/ee/physics/65d4716e05ec7e4d399da108" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this exemplar.&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Research question</h3><ol><li>Clearly state the research question for your extended essay. <a href="/ee/physics/62cea3469636f50014730ce9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">For example: </a>How does increasing the angle of a simple pendulum affect its time period?</li><li>Outline both the independent and dependent variables along with their respective units (if applicable).&nbsp;</li><li>Describe the method or instrument used to quantify and measure the dependent variable, and justify why this instrument or method is optimal for assessing the specific dependent variable.</li><li>Formulate a hypothesis.</li><li>The research must be focused on physics as a science (not its history or discoveries).&nbsp;</li></ol><h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Background information</h3><ol><li>Define key terms, methods, or reactions essential for understanding the study.</li><li>Make references to relevant physics principles and explain them. You can use diagrams for visualization.&nbsp;</li><li>Discuss the physical properties that are involved in the process (for example: why does salt affect specific heat capacity, why does the diameter of a parachute affect terminal velocity, etc).</li><li>Use subject-specific terminology.&nbsp;</li><li>Justify the selection of reagents, emphasizing their suitability based on structural or reactive properties (if applicable).&nbsp;</li><li>Include relevant physics equations and rationalize the chosen analysis method's appropriateness for measuring the dependent variable.</li><li>For research based on secondary data, explain the database selection and sampling method, ensuring its alignment with the research question.&nbsp;</li><li>Ensure all background information directly addresses the research question, focusing on relevant concepts.</li><li>Incorporate diagrams as needed, accompanied by clear captions and proper source citations, and use in-text citations throughout the background information section.</li></ol> See <a href="/ee/physics/64ae93c4e3b31a00131a15ae" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a> to get a glimpse of the matter.&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Variables&nbsp;</h3><ol><li>Include the independent variable and units. Describe why the range of independent variables was chosen. You should justify why you have chosen these specific values.&nbsp;</li><li>Include the dependent variable, units, instrument/method with which it will be measured, and the uncertainty.</li><li>List the controlled variables along with their impact on the experiment and the method of control.&nbsp;</li></ol> Check out the variables section<a href="/ee/chemistry/60e30d7eb4446500125e5f10" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here.</a>&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Equipment &nbsp;</h3><ol><li>List all the apparatus and equipment needed to conduct the experiment.&nbsp;</li><li>You should provide the uncertainties of all relevant instruments (thermometer, voltmeter, weighing balances, etc)</li><li>Along with the quantities of the materials needed state their concentrations (if applicable).&nbsp;</li><li>Describe the environmental setup - you can add a photo or prepare a diagram.&nbsp;</li></ol> Check out <a href="/ee/physics/63de47c46672960013c5fb07" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this section here.</a><h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Methodology</h3><ol><li>Provide a comprehensive description and rationale for your chosen approach to address the research question.</li><li>Outline detailed, step-by-step instructions for executing every step of the experiment.&nbsp;</li><li>Make enough trials to ensure the reliability of your findings.&nbsp;</li><li>Demonstrate awareness of safety, ethical, and environmental considerations in conducting the experiment.</li></ol> You can use<a href="/ee/physics/62cea3469636f50014730ce9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> this EE </a>for reference.&nbsp; &nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre><h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Results&nbsp;</h3><ol><li>Create a table displaying processed data obtained from the experiment, ensuring clarity and organization.</li><li>If applicable, incorporate a section for qualitative data, such as color changes or temperature fluctuations.</li><li>Verify that all data in tables adhere to the appropriate number of significant figures and decimal places.</li><li>Introduce a sample equation and calculation to exemplify data processing methods, covering each type of computation used (e.g., calculation of percentage error, voltage)</li><li>When conducting calculations, consider proper notation, uncertainties, significant figures, and SI symbols.</li><li>Arrange additional processed data into a separate table, accompanied by a numbered caption for clarity.</li><li>Include a sample calculation for uncertainty, placing remaining uncertainties for other values in a dedicated table with an appropriate caption. Subsequently, discuss the implications of these uncertainties on the data, considering their magnitude and impact on result validity and precision.</li><li>Incorporate a graph illustrating the processed data plotted against the independent variable, featuring a descriptive title, axis titles with units, and a caption for clarity.</li><li>Following the graph, provide a paragraph elucidating data trends, such as correlations (positive or negative) and the R^2 value, and interpret the findings accordingly.</li></ol> You can use<a href="/ee/physics/64e07c445e211baa286cce1f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> this essay</a> for reference.&nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Conclusion</h3><ol><li>Re-state the aim of the essay to refresh the reader's memory.&nbsp;</li><li>Provide a statement about the extent to which the research topic has been analyzed.</li><li>Clearly state the answer to the research question based on the obtained findings.&nbsp;</li><li>Use experimental values from the analysis section in the conclusion. For example, directly state how the pendulum's time period has increased.&nbsp;</li><li style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:2;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;">Discuss the R^2 value of the graph (if the data is linear) and how it describes the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.&nbsp;</li><li style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:2;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;">Take into account the uncertainties and to what extent they could have influenced the results.&nbsp;</li><li style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:2;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;">Describe if there are any anomalies in the data, and give reasons as to why these may have occurred.</li><li style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:2;margin-bottom:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;">Compare your experimental values to the literature.&nbsp;</li><li>Remember not to introduce any new information in the conclusion. Restate the essay's aim to ensure clarity and remind the reader of the primary objective.</li></ol> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.clastify.com/ee/physics/62cc54be9636f50014730ab6">This EE</a> is worth taking a look at.<h3 style="text-align:justify;"> Evaluation</h3><ol><li>Finally, you are expected to evaluate your approach to answering the research question.&nbsp;</li><li>Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the entire investigation State the relevance of errors and their impact on the results (if they occurred).&nbsp;</li><li>Take into the factors that could have influenced the findings.&nbsp;</li><li>Suggest improvements and extensions to your essay. For instance, you could suggest repeating the study using other reagents or apparatus. &nbsp;</li></ol> <a href="/ee/physics/64eadc1736f6a35daf011e45" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">&nbsp;This</a> is a good evaluation. &nbsp;<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Bibliography and appendices&nbsp;</h3><ol><li>These parts are not included in the word count.&nbsp;</li><li>In the bibliography, you should make a detailed list of all sources used in your investigation in alphabetical order. Decide on one style of referencing.&nbsp;</li><li>The appendices will serve as a place for additional tables of data etc. however these can't be the crucial information for your EE.&nbsp;</li></ol> We are hoping that you found this guide useful! For more inspiration head to the <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a> website where you will find even more <a href="/ee.physics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Physics exemplars.</a> For further guidance see our detailed breakdown of the Physics EE assessment criteria <a href="/blog/physics-ee-criteria-and-checklist" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here.&nbsp;</a>

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A comprehensive guide on IB Physics extended essay format and structure. Check the tips for Physics EE and improve your extended essay

Physics EE Format and Structure 

<h2 style="text-align:center;">Physics IA Criteria and Checklist</h2>&nbsp;Are you feeling the pressure of the Physics IA deadline? We are here to offer our expertise in ensuring that your investigation aligns with the assessment criteria. Check out our recommendations drawn from extensive experience with countless revised essays. This post covers the new Science IA syllabus starting from the May 2025 exam session. The Physics internal assessment, worth 20% of the final score, is graded for a total of 24 points. The assessment consists of the following:&nbsp;<h3 style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-align:justify;" dir="ltr"> Criterion A: Research Design - 6 points&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;First, you must identify the topic and describe a relevant, fully focused research question. Next, provide background information and show your understanding of the context of the investigation. It is expected that you choose an appropriate methodology taking into account the reliability and sufficiency of the collected data. Apart from explaining and justifying your choice of methodology, you should list the apparatus and describe consecutive steps to conduct your research.&nbsp;Remember to demonstrate awareness of safety, ethical or environmental issues in your report.&nbsp; &nbsp;For a maximum of 6 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>The research question must state the dependent and independent variables or two correlated variables and briefly describe the system in which the research question is embedded - describe the method of analysis.</li><li>Discuss background theory of direct relevance to the research question.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the selection of methods for measuring the independent and dependent variables.&nbsp;</li><li>If data is obtained through the school's large-scale activity, treat the investigation as a database investigation and focus the methodology on the way the data is filtered and sampled from the whole database.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the selection of the database or the method of data sampling.&nbsp;</li><li>Discuss decisions regarding the scope, quantity, and quality of measurements, for example, the range, interval or frequency of the independent variable, repetition and precision of measurements.&nbsp;</li><li>Identify the control variables and explain the method and reason of control.</li><li>Address the safety, ethical and environmental issues associated with the investigation.</li><li>Ensure the methodology includes precise procedural steps and names of materials, and is detailed enough to allow for the investigation to be reproduced.&nbsp;</li><li>Avoid including unnecessary or repetitive information in the methodology so the reader may easily understand how the methodology was implemented.</li></ul> A good example of research design can be found <a href="/ia/physics/65e9e3cf4212df8643ad24e4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.&nbsp;<h3 style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-align:justify;" dir="ltr">&nbsp;</h3><h3 style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-align:justify;" dir="ltr"> Criterion B: Data Analysis - 6 points&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;The analysis consists of selecting, processing and interpreting the data in order to answer the research question. First of all, your report must include sufficient raw data that could support arguments. Make sure that the data processing includes accuracy and that you take into account measurement uncertainties. Look for trends, patterns and anomalies within the data, and interpret them to later form a valid conclusion.&nbsp; &nbsp;For a maximum of 6 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>Clearly communicate how the data was recorded and processed so that all steps are easily understood.&nbsp;</li><li>Communicate how the data was recorded and processed in a precise manner. All graphs, tables and figures are appropriately annotated and the correct units, decimal places and significant figures are used.&nbsp;</li><li>Show evidence of appropriate consideration of uncertainties.&nbsp;</li><li>The work should not have any major inaccuracies, omissions, or inconsistencies that would prevent or limit the possibility of drawing a valid conclusion.&nbsp;</li><li>The processing of the data is relevant to the research question and is carried out appropriately and accurately.&nbsp;</li></ul> A good example of this can be found <a href="/ia/physics/65e9e4274212df8643ad4fbb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;<pre style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;" dir="ltr"><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre>&nbsp; <meta charset="utf-8"><h3 style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;" dir="ltr">Criterion C: Conclusion - 6 points&nbsp;</h3> You are expected to formulate a conclusion answering your research question based on the obtained findings and scientific context. Ensure to use experimental values from the data analysis in the conclusion and critically evaluate the data. You should ensure that you provide a comparison of your experimental values to literature results.&nbsp;&nbsp;For a maximum of 6 points:&nbsp;<ul><li>Provide a conclusion that is relevant to the research question and is consistent with the data analysis presented.&nbsp;</li><li>Ensure that the conclusion is fully supported and justified by the data analysis results.&nbsp;</li><li>Include a relevant comparison to the accepted scientific literature such as published papers, values, course notes, textbooks, or other outside sources (paper or online).&nbsp;</li><li>Provide a sufficiently detailed citation of the published materials to allow these sources to be traceable.&nbsp;</li><li>Include the interpretation of processed data including associated uncertainties.&nbsp; A good example of this can be found <a href="/ia/physics/65e9e4274212df8643ad4fbb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>. <meta charset="utf-8"></li></ul><h3 style="text-align:justify;">Criterion D: Evaluation - 6 points</h3>Evaluate the strong and weak aspects of your investigation and propose how to improve your methodology. You are also supposed to think of possible extensions of your study.&nbsp; &nbsp;For a maximum of 6 points:<ul><li>Discuss the relevant strengths of the report and investigation.&nbsp;</li><li>Identify specific methodological weaknesses or limitations.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the relative impacts of the methodological weaknesses regarding the control of variables, the precision of measurement, or the variation in the data.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the relative impacts of the methodological weaknesses regarding the conclusion being limited in scope by the range of the data collected, the confines of the system, or the applicability of the assumptions made.&nbsp;</li><li>Identify realistic improvements to the investigation that are relevant to the identified weaknesses or limitations.&nbsp;</li><li>Explain the proposed improvements to the investigation.&nbsp;</li></ul>A good example of this can be found <a href="/ia/physics/65e9e3cf4212df8643ad24e4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>. <meta charset="utf-8"><h3 style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;text-align:justify;" dir="ltr">Other Requirements</h3>Maintain a clear structure of the essay, keep within the 3000-word limit, and ensure that the text is justified and data is centred in tables' cells. &nbsp; &nbsp;<ul><li>Ensure the work does not surpass 3000 words.</li><li>The title of the investigation must be stated at the start of the report.&nbsp;</li><li>The IB candidate code for the individual (or group members if applicable) is provided at the beginning of the document.&nbsp;</li><li>Ensure the word count is stated at the start of the work.&nbsp;</li><li>Make sure the text is justified in the document, and all text and data are centred in tables' cells.&nbsp;</li><li>All pages must be numbered.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;A good example of this can be found <a href="/ia/physics/65e9e3cf4212df8643ad24e4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.&nbsp; Use the above checklist to improve your IA. If you would like to receive personalized feedback update your internal assessment in the<a href="/review" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Review section.</a> We are here to support you through the entire writing process!

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A comprehensive guide to Physics IA criteria along with a checklist. Get to know our tips for improving your grade. 

Physics IA Criteria and Checklist [2025 updated]

Physics is one of IB's hardest subjects. In this post we will however provide you with practical study tips to ensure you make the most out of your revision and are able to excel in the subject.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">How to study for IB Physics</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;Focus on understanding – IB Physics is a subject that revolves around the application of learned concepts. Exams do not necessarily focus on assessing one's ability to memorise concepts but rather on the ability to apply them in unseen contexts. To excel, we advise focusing on deeply understanding the principles and developing the flexibility to approach problems from various angles.&nbsp;&nbsp;Solve a lot of questions – The best way to master this, and test whether you truly understand a concept, is through solving questions. Hence, when preparing for assessments solve question after question until you master each concept and are able to approach it from various perspectives. It is best that you focus mainly on past paper questions as these will be the most reflective of the questions you may encounter in your exams.&nbsp;Use mark schemes effectively – After solving past paper questions, compare your answers with the mark scheme. Pay attention to how marks are awarded and adjust your answers to align with exam expectations.&nbsp;Work on time management – Effective time management is essential for success in the exam. Practice solving problems within a set time limit to ensure you can complete the exam without feeling rushed or sacrificing accuracy.&nbsp;&nbsp;Break down complex questions – &nbsp;When practicing past paper questions, tackle high-mark questions by breaking them down. <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">High-mark questions often combine multiple concepts, sometimes spanning different units. Start by identifying the key concepts and principles involved. Then, approach the problem step by step. Creating a brief plan before solving can be helpful – <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">if you get stuck, you can refer back to your plan to refocus and move forward.&nbsp;&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">CAROUSEL</code></pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;Practice your math skills – IB Physics incorporates a significant amount of complex mathematics. In addition to understanding the underlying concepts, it's essential to develop strong calculation skills to effectively solve problems and tackle exam questions.&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">Don't memorise formulas – <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);display:inline !important;float:none;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:auto;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:auto;word-spacing:0px;">While it's important to know the formulas, there's no need to memorize them all. In the IB Physics exam, you'll have access to a formula booklet. Focus instead on understanding how and when to apply each formula effectively.&nbsp;Revisit concepts regularly – Instead of learning something once and returning to it only before the exam, make it a habit to frequently review your notes and solve related questions. Regularly revisiting material helps reinforce your understanding and ensures that the concepts stay fresh in your mind, leading to deeper and longer-lasting retention.&nbsp;&nbsp;Focus on your weak areas – make the most of your time by prioritizing topics you find most challenging. Improving in these areas will significantly enhance your overall understanding, rather than dedicating excessive time to concepts you already grasp.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful! For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify </a>and other guides available on our <a href="/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">blog</a>.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to studying for IB Physics. 

How to study for IB Physics

The 2025 updates to the IB Physics syllabus might leave students uncertain about the new Paper 2 format. In this post, we'll simplify everything you need to know, helping you tackle the exam with confidence and clarity.&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">IB Physics Paper 2</h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Accounts for 44% of the student's subject grade (SL &amp; HL).</li><li>SL students have 1 hour 30 minutes, while HL students are given 2 hours 30 minutes to complete Paper 2.</li><li>Calculators are permitted.</li><li>Paper 2 is made up of short-answer and extended-response questions.&nbsp;</li><li>Paper 2 may cover all topics of the syllabus.&nbsp;</li><li>A calculator is required for this exam.&nbsp;</li><li>Students will have access to an IB-issued formula booklet.</li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;A typical SL question may look the following way:&nbsp;Small pieces of solid paraffin with a total mass of 30 g at a temperature of 42 °C are mixed with 150 g of liquid paraffin at a temperature of 240 °C. The mixture is stirred until an equilibrium temperature is reached.&nbsp;The following data for paraffin are available&nbsp;Specific heat capacity of solid paraffin = 0.7 kJ kg-1 K-1&nbsp;Specific heat capacity of liquid paraffin = 2.13 kJ kg-1 K-1&nbsp;Specific latent heat of fusion of paraffin = 220 kJ kg-1 Melting point of paraffin = 47 °C&nbsp;(a) Calculate the theoretical equilibrium temperature of the mixture. [3]&nbsp;When the experiment was carried out, the equilibrium temperature of the mixture was found to be different from the theoretical value.&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) Suggest the reason for this difference.[2]&nbsp;(c) The mixture was held in a large metal container during the mixing. Explain one change to the procedure that will reduce the difference in (b). [1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A typical HL question may look the following way:&nbsp;Potassium -40 (40/19K) decays by two processes.&nbsp;&nbsp;The first process is that of beta-minus decay to form a calcium (Ca) nuclide.&nbsp;(a) Write down the equation for this decay. [2]&nbsp;(b) Potasium-40 decays by a second process to argon-40. This decay amounts for 11% of the total decay of the potassium-40.&nbsp;&nbsp;Rocks can be dated by measuring the quantity of argon-40 gas trapped in them. One rock sample contains 340 μmol of potassium-40 and 12 μmol of argon-40.&nbsp;&nbsp;(i) Show that the initial quantity of potassium-40 in the rock sample was about 450 μmol. [2]&nbsp;(ii) The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 x 109 years. Estimate the age of the rock sample. [3]&nbsp;(c) Outline how the decay constant of potassium-40 was determined in the laboratory for a pure sample of the nuclide. [3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To succeed in Physics Paper 2, you need a combination of strong conceptual understanding, practical problem-solving skills, and effective exam techniques. Make sure to master all topics in the syllabus, as the exam can cover any area, from motion to quantum physics. IB Physics is a subject which revolves mainly around application of the learned concepts hence it is not enough to simply memorise the key concepts. It is very important that you have a thorough understanding and are able to approach them from various perspectives and apply them in different contexts. As such, it is crucial you practice past exam problems as this is will enable you to master these skills.&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful. For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify</a>.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive guide to IB Physics Paper 2. Learn about Paper 2 structure, duration, weighing, and the questions you may encounter. 

IB Physics Paper 2

Selecting the right textbook is essential for success in IB Physics; it lays the groundwork for your studies. A carefully chosen textbook not only guides you through the syllabus but also enhances your comprehension of key concepts. In this post, we’ve compiled a list of top IB Physics textbooks, showcasing what makes each one valuable.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="text-align:center;">Best IB Physics Textbooks</h2><h3>&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;<h3>Pearson Physics for the IB Diploma (2023 Edition)</h3>&nbsp;<ul><li>This book has been co-published with the IB, ensuring full alignment with the 2023 Physics subject guide.</li><li>The book has two separate editions (Standard Level and Higher Level). This allows students to navigate through their course.</li><li>Updated content, including new Nature of Science sections, global applications, and TOK connections.&nbsp;</li><li>The Pearson book also offers additional online resources (eBook, quizzes, lab activities, etc.) for interactive learning​.</li><li>The book can be bought for around $75.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3>Tsokos Physics for the IB Diploma (7th Edition)</h3>&nbsp;<ul><li>This book is well-known for comprehensive content and conceptual clarity, allowing students to comprehend the complicated concepts that are found in the syllabus.</li><li>Provides extensive support materials, including sample questions, specimen papers, and practical activities.&nbsp;</li><li>The book also comes with access to a dedicated website for additional resources, including homework sets and problem-solving challenges.</li><li>This book can be bought for around $65.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3>Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Physics Course Book (2023 Edition)</h3>&nbsp;<ul><li>This book, apart from covering the syllabus, also includes revision tips, exam-style questions, and guidance for internal assessments.&nbsp;</li><li>The textbook provides clear explanations of key concepts and focus on real-world applications.&nbsp;</li><li>Written to cater to both SL and HL students​.</li><li>The book can be bought for around $50.</li></ul>&nbsp;&nbsp;We hope you found this post helpful. For more useful materials associated with the IB check out the wide variety of <a href="/ia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IA</a>, <a href="/ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EE </a>and <a href="/tok" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TOK </a>exemplars available at <a href="/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clastify </a>and other guides available on our <a href="/blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">blog</a>.&nbsp;

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A comprehensive list of the best IB Physics textbooks. Learn about what makes these books stand out, their differences, and pricing. 

Best IB Physics Textbooks

IB Physics investigates fundamental principles governing the natural world. Students explore topics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and modern physics, developing analytical skills through theoretical study and practical experiments.

IB Physics

Coursework Exemplars

IA/EE Review

Notes

Grade Boundaries

Syllabus + Topics

Command Terms

Paper Weighting

13,489 students

4.2 average grade

Difficulty

Grade distribution

Helpful Blog Posts

Best IB Physics Textbooks

Physics IA word count and page limit [2025 updated]

Physics IA Topic Ideas + Examples

Physics IA Format and Structure [2025 updated]

Physics EE Topic Ideas + Examples

Physics EE Criteria and Checklist

Physics EE Format and Structure

Physics IA Criteria and Checklist [2025 updated]

How to study for IB Physics

IB Physics Paper 2

Best IB Physics Textbooks

Physics IA word count and page limit [2025 updated]

Physics IA Topic Ideas + Examples

Physics IA Format and Structure [2025 updated]

Physics EE Topic Ideas + Examples

Physics EE Criteria and Checklist

Physics EE Format and Structure

Physics IA Criteria and Checklist [2025 updated]

How to study for IB Physics

IB Physics Paper 2

Best IB Physics Textbooks

13,489 students

4.2 average grade

Difficulty

Grade distribution